Elbow Room

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Stretching constraints - Rated
Dennett combines clarity of thought with clarity of expression to re-introduce the question of "free will." It's an age-old topic, but Dennett's knowledge of nature gives him fresh insight in grappling with the issue. He concedes at the outset that "free will" is usually considered a topic for academics to wrangle over. One of his special talents, however, is bringing such subjects out of the scholastic arena and into everyday life. He recognizes that all of us are plagued by outworn traditions and mind-blinding prejudices. He wants us to free our minds of these restraints. From there, he hopes we will enter a future based on more rational concepts. It's an ambitious programme, but one Dennett presents with outstanding conceptual ability and skillful prose.

Dennett's use of the "intuition pump" to expose the "bogeymen" that plague our reason makes him unique among philosophers. It's an analysis tool that more should emulate. More significantly it's a method we should all learn. Rigid thinking leads us down wrong paths and this work is a guidebook for avoiding that. One of the wrong paths is the idea that "free will" and "determinism" are absolutely separate - there is no way to reconcile the two concepts. Dennett shows that there are many forms of "determinism" in nature, and we are part of nature. Humans, however, have a decision-making capability the rest of nature lacks. We have "elbow room," based on our consciousness, which gives us the ability to make choices. The dividing line between what nature imposes and our mentality allows, is vague and indistinct, sometimes contradictory, but it's there. Dennett wants us to recognize, so far as we can, which is which.

Dennett concedes that there's an apparent paradox in this view. If we are the product of evolutionary forces, why isn't our behaviour preset in our genes? It is, according to Dennett, but exercises only limited influence. Our complex intellect allows us to modify those natural roots and give us what we see as unlimited choices. We call this condition "free will". Dennett reminds us, however, that free will is no more an absolute than determinism. Dennett's rejection of absolutes in any guise have led to many critical assaults on his work. Yet, as almost the sole philosopher to adopt natural selection as part of his thinking, he has shown his work to be the most rationally based of all. Far from "dodging" issues, he shows how this open approach can actually lead to a firmer grasp of issues. As he points out, the issue is not a "choice" of absolute options, but "control" over the conditions. It's not just choosing which path, but perhaps the building of a new one.

For Dennett, a topic such as "free will" is far from limited to academic discussion. A clear concept of what free will entails has ramifications in law, education and many social policies. He addresses many aspects of applying his definition of free will in the final chapter "Why Do We Want Free Will?". With a strong sense of the pragmatic, Dennett shows why our understanding of the concept has meaning for us all. With his witty style and practical approach to what otherwise might be an obscure topic, Dennett has given us a highly readable and realistic overview. [stephen a. haines - Ottawa, Canada]